Publisher Independence
Google Ad Manager Alternatives 2026: 19 Ad Servers Compared
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Nineteen ad servers and stacks can replace or run beside Google Ad Manager in 2026: CTV servers such as FreeWheel, SpringServe and Publica; display and API servers such as Kevel, Equativ, Adform, Broadstreet and Microsoft Monetize; priced SaaS tiers from $99 to $2,988 a month; and open-source options, Prebid Server and Revive Adserver, that you host yourself.
Each row below gives owner, headquarters, format coverage, header bidding integration, what the September 2026 remedies mean for AdX access, pricing model, self-hosting, log-level data and sourced customers. "n/d" means not disclosed by the vendor or any source we could find.
Key facts
- Google's share is the reason this page exists. DFP held 91% of the worldwide publisher ad server market for open-web display in 2022 by impressions, and AdX charged a 20% take rate when rivals "often charged closer to 10%" (Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858, 2 September 2026, pp. 26 and 30). Kevel's own discovery tool finds Google behind 84% of the ad servers on the top 10,000 US sites (Kevel, updated 30 April 2026).
- Lack of AdX access is why rivals lost. Equativ testified that the "main reason" it lost large publisher ad server clients to DFP was that it "didn't have access to Google AdX" (Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858, p. 66).
- That changes for display only. AdX must submit real-time bids to non-Google ad servers within 6 months (plaintiffs' draft) or 12 months (Google's draft) of the Effective Date; data portability and the integrations cover open-web display, with video and in-app excluded (PPC Land, 6 October 2026; PPC Land, 17 September 2026).
- Public prices exist at the low end. Broadstreet starts at $299 a month, AdButler at $179 a month for 1 million requests, AdGlare at $99 a month for 1 million requests, Epom at $250 a month for 8.5 million display impressions (Broadstreet pricing; AdButler pricing; AdGlare pricing; Epom pricing; all accessed 17 October 2026).
- Open source is current. Prebid Server Go v4.10.0 shipped on 13 October 2026 and Prebid Server Java v4.3.0 on 7 October 2026, both Apache-2.0 (prebid-server releases; prebid-server-java releases; accessed 17 October 2026). Revive Adserver v6.0.8 shipped on 25 June 2026 under GPL-2.0 (revive-adserver.com; GitHub; accessed 17 October 2026).
- The CTV servers are consolidating with SSPs. Magnite combined the SpringServe ad server with its streaming SSP in April 2025, with Disney Advertising, LG Ad Solutions, Paramount, Roku, Samsung and Warner Bros. Discovery as early adopters (Mediaweek, 24 April 2025).
Definition
Publisher ad server: the system that receives an ad request from a publisher's page, app or video player, decides which ad to show by comparing direct-sold campaigns against programmatic bids, serves the creative and records the event. Google Ad Manager (formerly DoubleClick for Publishers, DFP) is the incumbent; the court found it was tied to Google's exchange, AdX, "through contractual policies and technological integration" (Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858, p. 1).
An ad server is not an exchange and not a header bidding wrapper. Prebid Server is listed below because many publishers now treat the auction layer as the thing to own and the ad server as replaceable; the trade-offs are in header bidding vs server-side bidding.
How to read the catalog
- Formats. D = open-web display, V = online video, CTV = connected TV and streaming, App = in-app. Based on vendor pages unless stated.
- Header bidding. Whether the server runs or integrates a Prebid auction, or offers its own unified auction.
- AdX access after remedies. For display servers: "eligible" means the server can receive real-time AdX bids under the court order once Google ships the integration and the vendor builds the receiving side; no vendor had announced a build as of 17 October 2026. For video and CTV servers: "not covered," because the remedies exclude video (PPC Land, 17 September 2026). Today, every rival server reaches AdX only through a Google Ad Manager account; the mechanics are in how to switch ad servers without losing AdX demand.
- Pricing. Public prices are quoted with the page and access date. "Quote" means the vendor publishes no price.
- Self-hosting. Whether you can run the software on your own servers or cloud account.
- Log-level data. Whether event-level logs are available and on what terms.
- Notable publishers. Only names with a public source. Vendor logo walls are reported as "company site" and treated as company claims.
Catalog: 19 ad servers and stacks
19 of 19 rows
Download JSONTable by AdSovereign, CC BY 4.0.
1 | Google Ad Manager (baseline) | Google LLC (US) | D, V, App, CTV ("Formats", "Video", "Apps", "TV & Broadcast" on the product site (admanager.google.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026)) | Yes: Open Bidding (server-side, Google tag, partners incl. Index Exchange, Magnite DV+, OpenX, PubMatic (Google Help, accessed 17 Oct 2026)); Header Bidding Trafficking to open to all DFP customers within 6 months of the Effective Date (PPC Land, 6 Oct 2026) | Native; must also pass AdX bids to Prebid and rivals on identical terms (Dkt. 1858, p. 74) | Free for more than 90% of publisher customers; Ad Manager 360 paid, price n/d; AdX 20% take rate (PPC Land, 17 Sep 2026; Dkt. 1858, p. 4) | No | Data Transfer files, hourly, at additional cost, purged after 60 days (Google Help, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | 91% market share 2022 (Dkt. 1858, p. 26); 84% of ad servers on top 10K US sites (Kevel, 30 Apr 2026) |
2 | FreeWheel | Comcast, "a Comcast company" since 2014; founded 2007 (freewheel.com/about, accessed 17 Oct 2026); HQ n/d, offices in 12 cities incl. New York and Philadelphia (freewheel.com/locations) | CTV, V (premium video "across all screens") (freewheel.com) | n/d on vendor site | Not covered (video excluded) | Quote | No | n/d | Universal Ads launch partners A+E, AMC Networks, DIRECTV, Fox, NBCUniversal, Paramount, Roku, TelevisaUnivision, Warner Bros. Discovery, Xumo (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025); Channel 4 (freewheel.com); FranceTV Publicité (FreeWheel news, 29 Jul 2026) |
3 | SpringServe | Magnite, Inc. (HQ n/d; 22 offices incl. New York (magnite.com/locations, accessed 17 Oct 2026)) | CTV, V (ad server combined with Magnite Streaming SSP) (Mediaweek, 24 Apr 2025) | Own unified auction with SSP; Prebid n/d | Not covered (video excluded) | Quote | No | n/d | Disney Advertising, LG Ad Solutions, Paramount, Roku, Samsung, Warner Bros. Discovery (Mediaweek, 24 Apr 2025); reaches 99% of US streaming supply per Jounce Media, March 2025 (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025) |
4 | Publica by IAS | Integral Ad Science, acquired Publica Aug 2021 for $220M; Novacap agreed to buy IAS for about $1.9B, announced 24 Sep 2025 (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025); IAS first-listed office New York (integralads.com/contact-us) | CTV (SSAI, ad podding), V for web and app (getpublica.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | Yes: "OTT Header Bidding" unified auction across video SSPs and direct demand; Prebid not named (getpublica.com) | Not covered (video excluded) | Quote | No | Summary analytics; log-level n/d | Samsung Ads, Philo, Pluto, AMC, Crackle, MLB, Crunchyroll, FOX, Xumo, Hearst (company site, getpublica.com); Samsung TV Plus renewal 30 Sep 2025 (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025) |
5 | Kevel (formerly Adzerk) | Private; began as Adzerk in 2010; founder and CEO James Avery; Durham first-listed office, remote-first (kevel.com/about, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | API-based decisioning for on-site, in-app and in-store; formats not enumerated (kevel.com) | Not mentioned on site | Eligible: Avery testified his "only concern" about Google sharing AdX real-time bids to Kevel's ad server was Google's "incentive to bid unfairly" (Dkt. 1858, p. 40) | Quote (pricing page returned 404 on 17 Oct 2026) | No (API SaaS) | n/d | Mostly retail media: Home Depot, Chewy, Dollar General, PayPal, Lyft, Edmunds, bol (company site, kevel.com); 35 ms response time claimed for Edmunds |
6 | Broadstreet | Broadstreet Ads, Inc., Red Bank, New Jersey (broadstreetads.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | D, sponsored content, newsletters; direct-sold focus | No programmatic auction advertised | Eligible in principle; vendor build n/d | Manual $299/mo (1 to 2 users, 3 premium formats); Automatic $399/mo; Enterprise "call us" (broadstreetads.com/pricing, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | No | n/d | Greater Long Island, Chicago Parent, CT News Junkie (testimonials, broadstreetads.com); "thousands of local and B2B publishers" (company claim) |
7 | Equativ (formerly Smart AdServer) | Private; "born as Smart AdServer"; Sharethrough operating under the Equativ brand since 2025 (equativ.com/about-us, accessed 17 Oct 2026); HQ n/d | D, V, CTV ("CTV Ad Server"; Serverside.AI CTV ad-serving 2022) (equativ.com) | n/d on vendor site; Equativ is a Google Open Bidding yield partner (Google Help) | Eligible; the court cites Equativ's testimony that no AdX access was the "main reason" it lost large ad server clients (Dkt. 1858, p. 66) | Quote | n/d | n/d | n/d (site logo wall labelled "50K+ brands") |
8 | Adform | Private, Copenhagen, Denmark (site.adform.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | Hosted ad server for programmatic publishers with forecasting and analytics (Kevel, 30 Apr 2026); format list n/d (publisher page redirected to a 404) | n/d | Eligible; Adform's CTO argues the remedies leave the buy side intact (Digiday, 18 Sep 2026) | Quote | No | n/d | n/d |
9 | Microsoft Monetize (formerly Xandr, AppNexus) | Microsoft (US) | D, native, V across web, mobile web, app, OTT, AMP (Microsoft Learn, 21 Oct 2025) | Yes: Prebid Server Premium runs on open-source Prebid Server Go with 200+ demand partners; "not available to all customers" (Microsoft Learn, 21 Oct 2025) | Eligible | Quote | No | PSP analytics and request/response sampler (Microsoft Learn, 21 Oct 2025) | n/d. Context: Microsoft Invest (DSP) closed 28 Feb 2026 (PPC Land, 22 Jun 2025); Monetize "remains intact" (MediaPost, 14 May 2025) |
10 | Prebid Server, self-hosted (auction layer, not a full ad server) | Prebid.org, Apache-2.0; Go v4.10.0 (13 Oct 2026), Java v4.3.0 (7 Oct 2026) (GitHub releases; Java releases) | Web, app, AMP, CTV, DOOH, audio (Prebid Server overview) | It is the header bidding server; "230+" server-side adapters per the overview, 394 entries on the bidder list (Prebid docs; bidder list) | Direct: Google must build an AdX adapter for Prebid (12 to 15 months) and a DFP to Prebid Server link (12 months) (Dkt. 1858, p. 58; PPC Land, 6 Oct 2026) | Free software; infrastructure and engineering, see Prebid Server self-hosting guide | Yes | Yes, via analytics adapters and your own logging | n/d by name; Prebid's president testified most members use supply-path optimization (Dkt. 1858, p. 16) |
11 | Managed Prebid Server hosts | 21 providers listed by Prebid.org, incl. Magnite ("Prebid-as-a-service"), PubMatic (OpenWrap), Media.net, Microsoft Monetize, Freestar, Playwire, Aditude, Relevant Digital, Setupad (Prebid managed services, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | As Prebid Server | As Prebid Server | Same AdX adapter, hosted by the provider | Quote (revenue share or fee, n/d) | No | Varies by host | n/d |
12 | Revive Adserver | Open-source project, GPL-2.0, 1.5k GitHub stars (GitHub, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | D (banners for websites, apps, video players); v6.0.8, 25 Jun 2026, PHP 8.2 to 8.5 (revive-adserver.com) | No native Prebid; a header bidding bridge would be custom | Would need a custom receiving integration | Free; you pay hosting (Kevel, 30 Apr 2026) | Yes (self-hosted only) | Yes, own database | n/d |
13 | Aniview | Private; footer address 79 Madison Ave, New York (aniview.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | V, CTV, mobile, web ("Video Ad Server") | Yes: integrates "via VAST, SSAI, oRTB and PreBid" (aniview.com) | Not covered (video) | Quote | No | n/d | Times Internet, Plex, Time Out, CBC, Network18, La Nacion (company logo wall); "200+" customers (company claim) (aniview.com) |
14 | Adtelligent | Adtelligent Inc.; HQ n/d (adtelligent.com, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | D, native, V in-stream and out-stream, livestream, SSAI; CTV and app via its exchange (adtelligent.com) | Yes: "Prebid-based wrapper" (adtelligent.com) | Eligible for display | Quote ("competitive pricing," no figures (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025)) | White-label SaaS; self-hosting n/d | n/d | n/d |
15 | Epom Ad Server | Epom; HQ n/d | D, mobile web, V, HTML5, native, rich media (epom.com pricing, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | n/d | Eligible for display | Light $250/mo (8.5M display + 250K video imps), Growth $1,000/mo (40M + 2M), Pro $2,500/mo (150M + 7M), Enterprise custom; white-label +$250/mo; SSP module $0.001 per 1,000 external requests; 15% off annual (epom.com) | n/d | n/d | n/d |
16 | AdButler | SparkLIT; HQ n/d | D, mobile, in-app (all tiers); V from Standard; CTV not mentioned (adbutler.com/pricing, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | n/d | Eligible for display | Essentials $179/mo (1M requests), Standard $682/mo (10M), Advanced $2,988/mo (50M), Enterprise custom with "Dedicated Global Cloud" (adbutler.com) | No (dedicated cloud on Enterprise) | n/d | n/d |
17 | AdGlare | AdGlare; HQ n/d, "global presence in 4 countries," 6 data centers (adglare.com/pricing, accessed 17 Oct 2026) | D, redirect, VAST video; CTV, native and product catalog ads on Enterprise and Custom | n/d | Eligible for display | Lite and Professional $99/mo (1M requests), Enterprise $129/mo (1M), Custom up to 10B requests; data retention 1, 3 or 5 years by tier; 14-day trial (adglare.com) | No | Retained 1 to 5 years by tier | n/d |
18 | Project Limelight | n/d; described as privacy-first with open-source APIs and an OpenSSAI SDK, entering beta in 2025 (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025) | CTV | n/d | Not covered (video) | n/d | n/d | n/d | Indie and European OTT targets; no named customers (PPC Land, 5 Nov 2025) |
19 | Self-hosted custom stack (own ad server + Prebid Server + log store) | You | D, V, CTV, App as you build them | Prebid Server as the auction; Prebid.js on page | Direct via the AdX adapter for Prebid and, if you build it, the rival-ad-server integration | Infrastructure plus engineering; see managed vs on-prem | Yes | Full, at event level | n/d; this is the model in the final section |
Long tail (names only, from Kevel's list, not evaluated here): AdGlare (above), Adhese, AdPlugg, AdSpeed, AdSpirit, AdvertServe, Avid, iBillboard, InClick, Lite, UpRival, Zedo; self-hosted OIO, dJax, InOut; email Passendo, PowerInbox; WordPress plug-ins AdInserter, Advanced Ads, AdRotate (Kevel, updated 30 April 2026).
Why Yieldmo and the SSPs are not rows. Yieldmo, Index Exchange, OpenX, PubMatic, Magnite DV+ and TripleLift appear in Google's list of Open Bidding yield partners; they are exchanges that bid into an ad server, not ad servers (Google Help, Open Bidding, accessed 17 October 2026). They matter to this page as the demand you keep when you change servers, which is the subject of how to switch ad servers without losing AdX demand.
Diagram by AdSovereign, CC BY 4.0.
What the remedies change for each category
Display-first servers (Kevel, Equativ, Adform, Microsoft Monetize, Broadstreet, Epom, AdButler, AdGlare, Adtelligent). These are the direct beneficiaries. Google must enable AdX to submit real-time bids to non-Google publisher ad servers for all indirect demand, with technical support, and may not vary AdX revenue share, latency, response rate or information by ad server (Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858, p. 74; PPC Land, 6 October 2026). The vendor still has to build the receiving side, and none of the nine had announced one by 17 October 2026. Ask each vendor in your RFP for a dated roadmap and a latency budget for the AdX call.
Video and CTV servers (FreeWheel, SpringServe, Publica, Aniview, Project Limelight). Nothing changes by court order. The liability finding covers open-web display, and the data and integration remedies exclude video and in-app (PPC Land, 17 September 2026). These servers compete on their own merits: podding, SSAI, rights management and direct access to streaming demand. Magnite's figure that SpringServe reaches 99% of US streaming supply on a dollar-weighted basis comes from Jounce Media's March 2025 report (PPC Land, 5 November 2025). Digiday lists CTV publishers among the groups the remedies leave out (Digiday, 18 September 2026).
Open source (Prebid Server, Revive). Prebid is the named counterparty in the order. Google must build an API so Prebid can get real-time AdX bids for all indirect open-web display inventory and a server-to-server connection from DFP to Prebid Server, "functionally equivalent" and on "materially identical terms" to the way DFP solicits AdX today (Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858, p. 62). A publisher who hosts Prebid Server gets that adapter on the day it ships. Revive is a decisioning server from an earlier era; it has no Prebid bridge and would need custom work to use the AdX feed. The hosting choices are in the Prebid Server self-hosting guide.
Managed Prebid hosts. The 21 providers on Prebid.org's list sell the same software as a service, usually for a revenue share that none publishes (Prebid.org managed services, accessed 17 October 2026). After the remedies they will carry the AdX adapter too, so the question becomes who sees your bid data. The economics of that layer are covered in 12 ad tech cost optimization strategies.
Which path fits which publisher
This is a reading of the table, not a recommendation for any vendor.
- Open-web display publisher, under about 1 million pageviews a month, direct-sold heavy. Broadstreet, AdButler or AdGlare give a public price and a short contract; none offers a programmatic auction, so Open Bidding or a Prebid wrapper stays in place for remnant. Google's own product page uses 1 million monthly pageviews as its qualification question (admanager.google.com, accessed 17 October 2026).
- Open-web display publisher or group above that size, programmatic heavy. Microsoft Monetize with Prebid Server Premium, Equativ or Adform, with the AdX receiving integration as the gating RFP question, plus a self-hosted or managed Prebid Server so the AdX adapter lands on your side regardless of which server wins. The migration sequence is in how to switch ad servers without losing AdX demand.
- Streaming or broadcaster. FreeWheel, SpringServe or Publica, chosen on rights management, SSAI and demand, because the remedies do not reach video; keep Google Ad Manager as a demand source if Google's video demand matters to you.
- Retail media or commerce property. Kevel's customer list is retailers and marketplaces rather than news publishers (kevel.com, accessed 17 October 2026); the on-site decisioning problem is different from open-web monetization and is covered under retail media.
- Publisher who wants to own the stack. Prebid Server plus your own decisioning and log store, on your own servers or cloud account. This is the only path where the court-ordered bid data, your own request logs and the auction run in one place you control; what that did to one publisher's fill rate is in case: publisher fill rate +20%, and running deals on an owned exchange is in the private ad exchange setup guide.
Whichever path you choose, the hub for this direction, publisher independence, collects the tracker, the playbook and the tools, and every new demand path means new ads.txt and sellers.json lines; check them with the ads.txt and sellers.json validator.
FAQ
Is there a free alternative to Google Ad Manager? Two kinds. Open-source software is free to download: Prebid Server (Apache-2.0, Go v4.10.0 on 13 October 2026) is a header bidding server rather than a full ad server, and Revive Adserver (GPL-2.0, v6.0.8 on 25 June 2026) is a classic display server (GitHub; revive-adserver.com). Both cost hosting and staff. Google Ad Manager itself is free for more than 90% of its publisher customers, which is part of why it holds the share it does (PPC Land, 17 September 2026).
Which ad server is best for CTV? There is no neutral benchmark. The three vendors with named streaming customers are FreeWheel (Universal Ads partners include Fox, NBCUniversal, Paramount, Roku and Warner Bros. Discovery), SpringServe (Disney Advertising, LG Ad Solutions, Paramount, Roku, Samsung, Warner Bros. Discovery) and Publica (Samsung TV Plus, renewed 30 September 2025) (PPC Land, 5 November 2025; Mediaweek, 24 April 2025). Note that all three are owned by companies that also sell demand (Comcast, Magnite, IAS), which Digiday's sources flag as a conflict to manage in contracts.
Can a third-party ad server access AdX demand? Today only through a Google Ad Manager account. After the final judgment takes effect, Google must submit real-time AdX bids to non-Google ad servers for all indirect open-web display demand within 6 months (plaintiffs' draft) or 12 months (Google's draft) (PPC Land, 6 October 2026). Video and in-app are excluded, and the vendor must build the receiving integration. The timeline is tracked in Google ad tech remedies explained for publishers.
What does an ad server cost? Public SaaS prices in this catalog run from $99 a month for 1 million requests (AdGlare) and $179 a month for 1 million requests (AdButler) to $2,988 a month for 50 million requests (AdButler Advanced) and $2,500 a month for 150 million display impressions (Epom Pro) (AdGlare; AdButler; Epom; all accessed 17 October 2026). Enterprise servers (FreeWheel, SpringServe, Publica, Kevel, Equativ, Adform, Microsoft Monetize) quote privately. Self-hosting costs are worked through in the Prebid Server self-hosting guide.
Can I run two ad servers at the same time? Yes, and the court assumes you will: publishers may export DFP configuration and historical data within three months of the Effective Date to evaluate a rival, and Google must build tools that let a publisher choose AdX through Prebid or through DFP for a given slice of inventory (PPC Land, 6 October 2026; PPC Land, 17 September 2026). The parallel-run and holdout design is in how to switch ad servers without losing AdX demand.
How this works on owned infrastructure
Row 19 is the configuration AdSovereign is built for. The publisher runs its own ad server, exchange and Prebid Server on its own hardware or sovereign cloud, so the AdX adapter Google must ship lands inside the publisher's perimeter, the court-ordered bid files are joined to the publisher's own request logs, and direct and programmatic demand are decided by auction logic the publisher can read. It replaces the vendor-hosted rows above rather than adding to them. The architecture page describes the components, integrations lists the SSP and DSP connectors, use cases covers publisher and sales-house deployments, the TCO page sets out the cost model against a hosted stack, and the pilot page describes a 60-day parallel run beside Google Ad Manager. This catalog stays neutral; the product is mentioned only here.
Sources
- United States v. Google LLC, No. 1:23-cv-00108 (E.D. Va.), Memorandum Opinion, Dkt. 1858 (2 September 2026, unsealed 16 September 2026). https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/google-judge-memo.pdf
- PPC Land, "Google faces six-year worldwide ad tech decree instead of AdX sale" (17 September 2026). https://ppc.land/google-faces-six-year-worldwide-ad-tech-decree-instead-of-adx-sale/
- PPC Land, "DOJ seeks 6 months, Google 12, to open its ad exchange to rivals" (6 October 2026). https://ppc.land/doj-seeks-6-months-google-12-to-open-its-ad-exchange-to-rivals/
- PPC Land, "Seven video ad servers compete for dominance in 2025 CTV marketplace" (5 November 2025). https://ppc.land/seven-video-ad-servers-compete-for-dominance-in-2025-ctv-marketplace/
- PPC Land, "Microsoft's Xandr DSP closure opens doors for independent players" (22 June 2025). https://ppc.land/microsofts-xandr-dsp-closure-opens-doors-for-independent-players/
- MediaPost, "Microsoft To Shutter DSP, Formerly Xandr" (14 May 2025). https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/405873/microsoft-to-shutter-dsp-formerly-xandr-replace.html
- Digiday, "Who wins and loses from the remedies to Google's ad tech monopoly" (18 September 2026). https://digiday.com/media-buying/who-wins-and-loses-from-the-remedies-to-googles-ad-tech-monopoly/
- Kevel, "Google Ad Manager alternatives" (updated 30 April 2026; vendor content). https://www.kevel.com/blog/gam-alternatives
- Kevel, company site and About page (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.kevel.com/ and https://www.kevel.com/about
- Mediaweek, "Magnite unveils next-gen SpringServe platform with backing from streaming giants" (24 April 2025). https://mediaweek.com.au/news/magnite-unveils-next-gen-springserve-platform-with-backing-from-streaming-giants
- Magnite, Office Locations (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.magnite.com/locations/
- FreeWheel, About and Locations pages (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.freewheel.com/about and https://www.freewheel.com/locations
- FreeWheel, News (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.freewheel.com/news
- Publica by IAS, product site (accessed 17 October 2026). https://getpublica.com/
- Integral Ad Science, Contact Us (accessed 17 October 2026). https://integralads.com/contact-us/
- Broadstreet, home and pricing pages (accessed 17 October 2026). https://broadstreetads.com/ and https://broadstreetads.com/pricing/
- Equativ, home and About pages (accessed 17 October 2026). https://equativ.com/ and https://equativ.com/about-us/
- Adform, home page (accessed 17 October 2026). https://site.adform.com/
- Microsoft Learn, "Prebid Server Premium" (21 October 2025). https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/xandr/monetize/prebid-server-premium
- Prebid.org, Prebid Server overview (accessed 17 October 2026). https://docs.prebid.org/prebid-server/overview/prebid-server-overview.html
- Prebid.org, Prebid Server bidder list (accessed 17 October 2026). https://docs.prebid.org/dev-docs/pbs-bidders.html
- Prebid.org, Managed Services (accessed 17 October 2026). https://prebid.org/managed-services/
- GitHub, prebid/prebid-server releases and prebid/prebid-server-java releases (accessed 17 October 2026). https://github.com/prebid/prebid-server/releases and https://github.com/prebid/prebid-server-java/releases
- Revive Adserver, home page and GitHub repository (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.revive-adserver.com/ and https://github.com/revive-adserver/revive-adserver
- Aniview, home page (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.aniview.com/
- Adtelligent, home page (accessed 17 October 2026). https://adtelligent.com/
- Epom, Ad Server pricing (accessed 17 October 2026). https://epom.com/ad-server/pricing
- AdButler, pricing (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.adbutler.com/pricing
- AdGlare, pricing (accessed 17 October 2026). https://www.adglare.com/pricing
- Google Ad Manager, product site (accessed 17 October 2026). https://admanager.google.com/home/
- Google Ad Manager Help, "Open Bidding" (accessed 17 October 2026). https://support.google.com/admanager/answer/7128453
- Google Ad Manager Help, "Data Transfer reports" (accessed 17 October 2026). https://support.google.com/admanager/answer/1733124
Changelog
18 October 2026: aligned the title and heading and applied recorded source-URL corrections where needed. Factual research cutoff remains 17 October 2026.
17 October 2026: first version, 19 rows plus a 20-name long tail.